These techniques have been widely criticized as torture.ДЇurther information: Military Commissions Act of 2006, Alberto Gonzales, and Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse Technology Electric shock techniques such as the use of stun belts and tasers have been considered appropriate provided that they are used to 'control' prisoners or suspects, even non-violent ones, rather than to extract information. These include paramilitaries and guerrillas, criminal actors such as organized crime syndicates and kidnappers.ДЄ recent approach to interrogations has been to use techniques such as waterboarding, sexual humiliation and sexual abuse, and dogs to intimidate or pressure prisoners in a manner claimed to be legal under national or international law. While states, particularly their prisons, law enforcement, military and intelligence apparatus, are major perpetrators of torture, many non-state actors also engage in it.

UN Special Rapporteur for the Commission on Human Rights, Sir Nigel Rodley, believes that 'impunity continues to be the principal cause of the perpetuation and encouragement of human rights violations and, in particular, torture.' Through both denial and avoidance of prosecution, most people ordering or carrying out acts of torture do not face legal consequences for their actions. Almost all regimes and governments engaging in torture (and other crimes against humanity) consistently deny engaging in it, in spite of overwhelming hearsay and physical evidence from the citizens they tortured. So a variety of strategies are used to circumvent their legal and humanitarian duties, including plausible deniability, secret police, 'need to know', denial that certain activities constitute torture, appeal to various laws (national or international), use of a jurisdictional argument, claim of 'overriding need', the use of torture by proxy, and so on. While many states use torture, few wish to be described as doing so, either to their own citizens or to international bodies. Its real aim is to break down the victim's personality and identity.' When applied indiscriminately, torture is used as a tool of repression and deterrence against dissent and community empowerment. Surveys of torture survivors reveal that torture 'is not aimed primarily at the extraction of information. State torture has been extensively documented and studied, often as part of efforts at collective memory and reconciliation in societies that have experienced a change in government.

These accusations concerned acts against political prisoners in 70 countries and other prisoners and detainees in more than 130 countries.

Torture is widely practiced worldwide: Amnesty International received reports of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in more than 150 countries during the four-year period from 1997 to 2001. 4 Recent instances of torture in selected countries.

Torture and chaos mod